Pine snakes are large (to 2.54 m (8 ft)), secretive, fossorial (burrowing) terrestrial reptiles that are limited to a series of apparently disjunct populations primarily across the southeastern quarter of the United States. Pine snakes are rare and declining, making them a species of conservation concern throughout their range.

Taxonomy: Four pine snakes occur in the southeastern United States: northern pine snake (Pituophis melanoleucus melanoleucus), Florida pine snake (P. m. mugitus), black pine snake (P. m. lodingi). Some authorities treat the Louisiana pine snake as a separate species, P. ruthveni.

Northern Pine Snake

Habitat
Due to their rarity and secretive nature, the habitat requirements of pine snakes are poorly known. Recent studies suggest that pine snakes require large upland tracts with intermittent canopy closure, significant herbaceous vegetation, minimal human activity, and a history of frequent natural disturbance (mainly fire). Loose, friable soils provide important nesting habitat in coastal plain ecosystems. Stump holes, root balls, and dry karst systems also provide important underground refugia.

Threats
Fire suppression, habitat destruction, and fragmentation appear to be the most critical threats facing pine snakes. Road mortality is also suspected of reducing pine snake densities, especially in areas of intense human activity.

Both the Louisiana and black pine snakes are federal candidates for listing as Threatened or Endangered. All pine snakes are protected by state laws and/or regulations.

Management Needs
The introduction of prescribed fire programs is thought to be the most effective management tool in fire-suppressed ecosystems. Wherever possible, large upland tracts should be protected from development and heavy vehicle traffic.

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